The PM-KUSUM scheme, launched by the Union Government, aims to expand solar-powered irrigation, enhance farmer incomes through energy generation, and reduce agricultural power subsidies. While the scheme provides flexibility for state administrations to adapt it to local contexts, implementation has often been hindered by low awareness among farmers. Surveys indicate that knowledge of the scheme’s components is limited, with misconceptions that it primarily benefits solar developers rather than farmers. The scheme’s naming conventions have also contributed to confusion, though states like Maharashtra and Rajasthan have successfully adapted component names to emphasize farmer benefits, improving uptake.
The design of PM-KUSUM allows for state-level experimentation, particularly in tariff setting and tender processes, but certain technical and regulatory requirements create obstacles. For instance, caps on pump capacity and strict infrastructure mandates limit the deployment of smaller-scale solar plants, reducing options for states with land constraints or unique local conditions. Allowing more flexible project sizes and injection points could enable states to optimize solar power generation while making the scheme more accessible to smallholders. Periodic advisories instead of rigid guidelines could also support cross-learning and innovation among states.
Effective governance and administration are critical for successful implementation. DISCOMs play a central role in grid-connected components, yet limited ownership and coordination gaps often lead to delays, operational inefficiencies, and financial strain for developers. States that have positioned DISCOMs as nodal agencies or ensured strong coordination with them, such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Rajasthan, have shown better outcomes. Clear procedural accountability, capacity building, and incorporating PM-KUSUM into DISCOM power planning are essential to address these challenges.
Coordination among Union Government stakeholders is also important. PM-KUSUM falls under MNRE, while DISCOMs report to the Ministry of Power (MoP), creating potential silos. Better integration with complementary schemes like the Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme and guidance from regulatory bodies such as CERC and the Forum of Regulators can enhance tariff harmonization, operational efficiency, and adoption of innovations. Institutionalized mechanisms for joint reviews and knowledge sharing could strengthen alignment and accelerate scheme implementation.
Finally, approval processes remain a significant bottleneck. The decentralized, small-scale nature of PM-KUSUM projects increases the number of required approvals, leading to delays, especially for new developers unfamiliar with procedures. Streamlining these processes, reducing bureaucratic touchpoints, and providing guidance for inexperienced participants are critical for scaling up the scheme efficiently and ensuring that farmers can fully benefit from solar-powered irrigation initiatives.
