The ocean, one of the most biodiverse spaces on Earth, covers over two-thirds of the planet’s surface and houses more than 90 per cent of Earth’s habitat by volume. International seabeds and high seas are unique in that no single country has jurisdiction over them. Instead, a complex system of international laws and cooperation seeks to ensure their protection. However, unsustainable practices such as overfishing, pollution, and climate-related changes are increasingly threatening these ecosystems and the communities that rely on them.
In response, the United Nations launched the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, or High Seas Treaty, which entered into force on 17 January 2026. The treaty is legally binding for countries that have ratified it and aims to sustainably manage high seas and international seabeds. It introduces environmental impact assessments, fair sharing of marine resources, and inclusive governance that engages Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The BBNJ builds upon the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, strengthening rules for biodiversity management and aligning with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Over 80 countries, including major economies such as China, Germany, Japan, France, and Brazil, have ratified the treaty, committing to implement it at the national level. China’s role is particularly significant due to its major ocean-related industries and trade. The treaty encourages more nations to join, with experts predicting gradual expansion as countries recognize its benefits. The first-ever Conference of Parties will take place later in 2026 to monitor implementation and membership progress.
Implementation on the ground involves strengthening ocean monitoring, engaging local communities, and adopting policies to curb overexploitation and pollution. UN agencies such as FAO, UNDP, UNESCO, and UNEP are coordinating expertise and data to support these efforts. Local examples include sustainable aquaculture in Mauritius, marine spatial planning in the Seychelles, and “blue economy” initiatives in Papua New Guinea. Despite these efforts, funding for ocean conservation remains insufficient, with Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water) significantly underfunded compared to estimated needs. The UN and partners launched One Ocean Finance in 2025 to mobilize billions in financing for ocean-based industries.
Scaling up ocean protection is critical, as investments in conservation yield far greater returns than the cost of environmental destruction. In 2023, global investment in nature-based solutions remained far below the funds flowing into activities harmful to nature. Yet positive trends show increasing public and private finance for biodiversity, signaling a growing recognition of ocean conservation as both an environmental and economic priority. Expanding the High Seas Treaty and broadening international collaboration now offer a vital opportunity to protect marine ecosystems, support sustainable development, and secure a healthier, more resilient planet.
