Romanian authorities have made important strides in combating human trafficking, yet further measures are needed to protect vulnerable populations, identify and assist victims, and hold perpetrators accountable, according to a new report by the Council of Europe’s Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA). The evaluation examines Romania’s actions since 2021, focusing on efforts to prevent trafficking, support victims, and punish offenders, particularly in the context of the growing use of information and communication technology for both exploitation and law enforcement.
The report recognizes positive developments, including legislative changes that increase sanctions for human trafficking and improve victims’ access to legal aid and compensation. It also highlights the adoption of a new National Strategy against Trafficking in Human Beings (2024–28) and the creation of an Interministerial Committee to coordinate anti-trafficking efforts across sectors.
Romania continues to be primarily a source country for trafficking victims, though it is increasingly a destination country. Between 2020 and 2024, authorities identified 2,662 victims, nearly half of whom were children. Sexual exploitation was the predominant form of trafficking, followed by forced labour, forced begging, and exploitation in criminal activities. Most victims were Romanian nationals trafficked domestically or to countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France, and Spain. Children from Roma communities, institutional care, and street situations were especially vulnerable, highlighting the need for strengthened child protection services and supportive social and economic programs. GRETA also emphasized the protection gaps for persons with disabilities in residential centres and recommended regular, independent monitoring.
Migrant workers, particularly from South Asia, face heightened risks due to language barriers, deceptive recruitment practices, and limited protections. GRETA urged Romanian authorities to enhance labour protections, license recruitment agencies, and monitor fraudulent online job advertisements. Although a National Mechanism for identification and referral of trafficking victims was introduced in 2023, barriers remain, including insufficient professional training and a shortage of labour inspectors. The report stresses the need for adequate accommodation, funding, and healthcare access for victims.
The use of online platforms for recruiting and exploiting victims has increased, including through sex video chat activities. Authorities have responded with awareness campaigns, police and prosecutor training, and forensic software to detect online sexual exploitation. GRETA commended these steps but recommended continued investment in training, digital tools, and cooperation with ICT companies to strengthen investigations.
While 764 individuals were convicted of human trafficking between 2020 and 2024, GRETA highlighted the need for specialized training for investigators, prosecutors, and judges to prevent cases from being reclassified as lesser offences. The report also noted prolonged criminal proceedings and the involvement of public officials in trafficking. Although more victims are being awarded compensation, many do not receive it because confiscated assets are not always allocated for victim restitution. GRETA called for legislative reforms to allow victims of sexual exploitation to claim compensation for earnings withheld by traffickers.
